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Wartime Measure Act of 1918
The Wartime Measure Act of 1918 was a piece of United States federal legislation dealing with United States passports.
== Background ==
The passport has long been used as an instrument of international travel, not only in the United States, but also all throughout the world. On August 18, 1856, Congress resolved that passports were reserved for citizens of the United States alone. Congress also gave the Secretary of State “sole authority to issue passports and made it illegal for any other authority to issue a passport or a document in the nature of a passport.”〔Robertson, Craig. The Passport in America: The History of a Document. Oxford University Press, 2010. GoogleBooks. Web. 20 Sept. 2013.〕 The first instance of strict regulations on passport travel in the United States was during the Civil War, attributable to Secretary of State William Seward.〔 These regulations required that anyone entering or exiting the United States have a passport, including immigrants, who had to have their documentation signed by a U.S. minister or consul.〔 There was contention centered upon the 1856 Act that drew from three main components: passports were only issued to citizens of the United States, the authority to issue passports was vested in the Secretary of State, and that very authority came with incredible discretion. Further, problems arose in the verification of one’s citizenship, as “government officials and applicants often sought to turn the vagaries of citizenship to their advantage.”〔
On July 26, 1917, the State and Labor Departments issued a joint order that attempted to “legally control the entry of aliens to the United States,” by requiring them to have visas issued by a United States consul.〔 However, the Attorney General later determined that the executive branch, namely the President, did not have the authority to implement such regulations. This led to the second instance in which strict regulations were placed on passport travel for citizens of the United States. On May 22, 1918 the Wartime Measure Act, also known as the Travel Control Act, was signed by Woodrow Wilson just one year following the United States’ entrance into World War I.〔Farley, David. Modernist Travel Writing: Intellectuals Abroad. University of Missouri Press, 2010. GoogleBooks. Web. 20 Sept. 2013.〕 Following the Act, the continued discretion of passport officials made it nearly “impossible to travel in the 1920s and 1930s without securing the necessary documents.”〔 The necessity of this Act stemmed primarily from the “unregulated flow of people across borders” during the war, which was seen as a potential national security threat for countries around the world, including the United States.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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